Овочівництво причорномор’я України: сучасний стан галузі в контексті інноваційного розвитку

Метою дослідження є організаційно-економічні особливості виробництва овочевої продукції відкритого ґрунту та картоплі Причорноморського регіону та підвищення їх економічної ефективності на засадах інноваційного розвитку

Rôle de la lumière dans la coexistence des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale humide: analyse des variations inter- et intra-spécifiques des performances et des traits fonctionnels.

This study explores the ecological significance of inter- and intraspecific variations of growth and functional traits found in tropical tree species of French Guiana in relation to light regime. We demonstrate that the syndrome of leaf traits associated with light -niche (longer life span, higher leaf mass per area of more shade tolerant species) holds among a set of 14 species comprising no pioneer nor any shade specialist species. Our results further suggest that plasticity of leaf mass per area expressed at the sapling stage may reflect adaptation to the spatial heterogeneity of light conditions encountered both at the sapling stage and across ontogenetic stages. Multivariate analysis provides evidence of a close linkage between leaf lifespan, relative crown depth and light-niche optimum. The plasticity in relative crown depth observed in shade-intolerant species can not be interpreted in terms of self-shading avoidance. Rather, crown depth adjustment was found to be a consequence of changes in growth rates and mortality rates of leaves and branches imposed by current light conditions and occurring at the whole-plant level. At the adult stage, our results point to competition for light making an unexpectedly low contribution to individual tree growth variations, contrasting with a major effect of species identity. We argue that this pattern of variation is likely to result from the vertical niche partitioning of species and the high abundance of small-statured species that are moderately responsive to light competition (consistent with their adaptation to understorey conditions). Light-niche differentiation of juvenile trees and vertical stratification of adult trees provide strong evidence for light niche partitioning in the three-dimensional space of tropical forests.Ce travail de thèse explore la signification écologique des variations inter et intraspécifiques de la croissance et des traits fonctionnels des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale guyanaise en relation avec les conditions d’éclairement. Nous démontrons que le syndrome de traits associé à la niche de régénération (durée de vie des feuilles plus longue et surface massique plus grande pour les espèces les plus tolérantes à l’ombre) est valide pour 14 espèces non pionnières et non strictement sciaphiles. La plasticité de la surface massique exprimée au stade juvénile chez les espèces les moins spécialisées pourrait refléter une adaptation à l’hétérogénéité de l’éclairement rencontrée au stade jeune et au cours des stades ontogéniques successifs. Les analyses multivariées mettent en évidence un lien étroit entre la durée de vie des feuilles, la profondeur relative du houppier et la niche de régénération. La plasticité de la profondeur du houppier observée chez les espèces les plus héliophiles ne peut pas être interprétée comme une réponse d’évitement de l’auto-ombrage. Nous montrons qu’elle correspond plutôt à un changement des taux de croissance et de mortalité des feuilles et des branches imposé par les conditions d’éclairement et se produisant à l’échelle de la plante entière. En ce qui concerne la variabilité intra-spécifique de la croissance des arbres adultes, nous avons observé une faible contribution de la compétition pour la lumière et un effet important de l’espèce. Nos résultats indiquent que ce patron de réponse résulte de la partition des espèces le long du gradient lumineux vertical et de la forte abondance d’espèces de petite taille peu sensibles à la compétition du fait de leur adaptation aux conditions lumineuses du sous-bois. La différentiation de niche de régénération et la stratification verticale des arbres adultes étayent l’hypothèse d’une partition de niche vis à vis de la ressource lumineuse dans les trois dimensions de la forêt tropicale humide

Role of light in coexistence of tropical tree species : analyze of inter- and intraspecific variations of performance and functional traits

Ce travail de thèse explore la signification écologique des variations inter et intraspécifiques de la croissance et des traits fonctionnels des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale guyanaise en relation avec les conditions d’éclairement. Nous démontrons que le syndrome de traits associé à la niche de régénération (durée de vie des feuilles plus longue et surface massique plus grande pour les espèces les plus tolérantes à l’ombre) est valide pour 14 espèces non pionnières et non strictement sciaphiles. La plasticité de la surface massique exprimée au stade juvénile chez les espèces les moins spécialisées pourrait refléter une adaptation à l’hétérogénéité de l’éclairement rencontrée au stade jeune et au cours des stades ontogéniques successifs. Les analyses multivariées mettent en évidence un lien étroit entre la durée de vie des feuilles, la profondeur relative du houppier et la niche de régénération. La plasticité de la profondeur du houppier observée chez les espèces les plus héliophiles ne peut pas être interprétée comme une réponse d’évitement de l’auto-ombrage. Nous montrons qu’elle correspond plutôt à un changement des taux de croissance et de mortalité des feuilles et des branches imposé par les conditions d’éclairement et se produisant à l’échelle de la plante entière. En ce qui concerne la variabilité intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres adultes, nous avons observé une faible contribution de la compétition pour la lumière et un effet important de l’espèce. Nos résultats indiquent que ce patron de réponse résulte de la partition des espèces le long du gradient lumineux vertical et de la forte abondance d’espèces de petite taille peu sensibles à la compétition du fait de leur adaptation aux conditions lumineuses du sous-bois. La différentiation de niche de régénération et la stratification verticale des arbres adultes étayent l’hypothèse d’une partition de niche vis à vis de la ressource lumineuse dans les trois dimensions de la forêt tropicale humide.This study explores the ecological significance of inter- and intraspecific variations of growth and functional traits found in tropical tree species of French Guiana in relation to light regime. We demonstrate that the syndrome of leaf traits associated with light -niche (longer life span, higher leaf mass per area of more shade tolerant species) holds among a set of 14 species comprising no pioneer nor any shade specialist species. Our results further suggest that plasticity of leaf mass per area expressed at the sapling stage may reflect adaptation to the spatial heterogeneity of light conditions encountered both at the sapling stage and later. Multivariate analysis provides evidence of a close linkage between leaf lifespan, relative crown depth and light-niche optimum. The plasticity in relative crown depth observed in shade-intolerant species can not be interpreted in terms of self-shading avoidance. Rather, crown depth adjustment was found to be a consequence of changes in growth rates and mortality rates of leaves and branches imposed by current light conditions and occurring at the whole-plant level. At the adult stage, our results point to competition for light making an unexpectedly low contribution to individual tree growth variations, contrasting with a major effect of species identity. We argue that this pattern of variation is likely to result from the vertical niche partitioning of species and the high abundance of small-statured species that are moderately responsive to light competition (consistent with their adaptation to understorey conditions). Light-niche differentiation of juvenile trees and vertical stratification of adult trees provide strong evidence for light niche partitioning in the three-dimensional space of tropical forests

Are inter- and intraspecific variations of sapling crown traits consistent with a strategy promoting light capture in tropical moist forest?

International audienceBackground and Aims: Morphological variation in light-foraging strategies potentially plays important roles in efficient light utilization and carbon assimilation in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments such as tropical moist forest understorey. By considering a suite of morphological traits at various hierarchical scales, we examined the functional significance of crown shape diversity and plasticity in response to canopy openness.Methods: We conducted a field comparative study in French Guiana among tree saplings of 14 co-occurring species differing in light-niche optimum and breadth. Each leaf, axis or crown functional trait was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes.Key Results: We found divergent patterns between shade-tolerant and heliophilic species on the one hand and between shade and sun plants on the other. Across species, multiple regression analysis showed that relative crown depth was positively correlated with leaf lifespan and not correlated with crown vertical growth rate. Within species displaying a reduction in crown depth in the shade, we observed that crown depth was limited by reduced crown vertical growth rate and not by accelerated leaf or branch shedding. In addition, the study provides contrasting examples of morphological multilevel plastic responses, which allow the maintenance of efficient foliage and enable effective whole-plant light capture in shaded conditions under a moderate vertical light gradient.Conclusions: This result suggests that plastic adjustment of relative crown depth does not reflect a strategy maximizing light capture efficiency. Integrating and scaling-up leaf-level dynamics to shoot- and crown-level helps to interpret in functional and adaptive terms inter- and intraspecific patterns of crown traits and to better understand the mechanism of shade tolerance

Functional traits and their plasticity predict tropical trees regeneration niche even among species with intermediate light requirements

Niche differentiation is a key issue in the current debate on community assembly mechanisms. In highly diverse moist tropical forests, tree species sensitivity to canopy openness is thought to be a major axis in niche differentiation. In the past, the syndrome of traits driving the demographic trade-off involved in the niche-based theory of coexistence has always been established among species situated at the two extremities of the shade-tolerance gradient, even though most tropical tree species have intermediate light requirements. In addition, trait plasticity has seldom been linked to tropical tree species distribution along environmental gradients. This article examines covariations between leaf traits, whole-plant traits and niche parameters among 14 tree species with intermediate light requirements in French Guiana and across a range of canopy openness. Each functional trait measured under field conditions was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes. Niche differentiation was characterized in terms of spatial light gradient. We first examined covariations between functional traits then explored to what degree the median value and plasticity in functional traits could predict light niche characteristics at the sapling stage and the ontogenetic change in light availability estimated by adult stature. Leaf mass per area (LMA) was positively correlated with leaf life span (LLS); species with higher LMA and higher LLS displayed lower diameter growth rates (GRs) and lower responsiveness to canopy gap at both whole-plant and population levels. This proved that the relationships previously established over a broader range of species held true within the narrow range of the light requirements covered. Height GR plasticity accounted for 49% of the variation in light niche optimum. LMA plasticity, unlike LLS plasticity, was significantly correlated with light niche breadth and adult stature. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the relevance of considering the phenotypic plasticity in functional traits in community ecology, particularly for quantifying breadth of species distribution over environmental gradients. Our findings did not support Hubbell's hypothesis of functional equivalence and suggest that even a rather subtle variation in forest canopy disturbance promotes the coexistence of tropical tree species